24. State Machines for Industrial Equipment (24 of 41)


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In industrial automation, many machines operate in steps.

A door opens, stops, closes, and faults.A conveyor starts, runs, stops, and detects jams.A filler waits for a bottle, fills, verifies level, and …

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27. Input Buffering and Output Buffering in PLC Logic (27 of 41)


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In professional PLC programming, one of the best practices is to separate raw physical I/O from the logic used inside the program.

This is done using:

Input BufferingOutput Buffering

Input buffering means copying …

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