5. Discrete I/O vs Analog I/O ( 5 of 35 )


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In PLC systems, not all signals are the same.

Some signals are simple ON/OFF signals. Other signals represent a changing value such as pressure, temperature, tank level, speed, or weight.

That is …

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6. Sinking and Sourcing Inputs Explained Simply ( 6 of 35 )


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One of the most confusing topics for many automation technicians is sinking and sourcing.

You may hear people say:

PNP sensorNPN sensorSourcing inputSinking inputCurrent sourcingCurrent sinking

At first, it sounds complicated. But the …

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7. PLC Addressing: Rack/Slot vs Tag-Based ( 7 of 35 )


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PLC Addressing: Rack/Slot vs Tag-Based

In a PLC system, every input, output, and internal memory location needs a way to be identified by the controller.

This identification method is called addressing.

In simple …

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9. Number Systems for PLC Technicians ( 9 of 35 )


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When working with PLCs, it is important to understand that the controller does not “think” the same way humans do.

Humans normally use the decimal system:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …

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10. Fundamentals of Logic: AND, OR, NOT in Ladder Logic. ( 10 of 35 )


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Before learning advanced PLC programming, every automation technician must understand the basic logic operations used in ladder logic.

The three most important logic functions are:

AND
OR
NOT

These are the foundation of almost every …

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11. Basics of Ladder Logic Programming (11 of 35 )


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Ladder Logic is one of the most common PLC programming languages used in industrial automation.

It was designed to look similar to electrical relay control circuits, which makes it easier for …

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12. Seal-In Circuits Explained ( 12 of 35 )


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Seal-In Circuits Explained

A seal-in circuit is one of the most important basic patterns in PLC ladder logic and relay logic.

It is commonly used when an operator presses a momentary Start …

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13. Electrical Interlocking in PLC Programs ( 13 of 35 )


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An interlock is a condition used to prevent two incompatible or unsafe actions from happening at the same time.

In simple words:

An interlock blocks an action when another condition makes that …

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14. Timers in PLC Programming: TON, TOF, and RTO ( 14 of 35 )


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Timers are one of the most common instructions used in PLC programming.

A timer allows the PLC to use time as part of the control logic.

In simple words:

A PLC timer waits …

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15. Cascading Timers and Practical Timer Applications ( 15 of 35 )


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In the previous post, we covered the basic PLC timer instructions:

TON = Timer On Delay
TOF = Timer Off Delay
RTO = Retentive Timer On

Now we are going one step deeper.

In real …

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